Vision Network Infrastructure Providers

Vision Network Infrastructure Providers

internet plans with performance guarantees

Scalability Solutions for Vision Network Infrastructure


Vision Network Infrastructure Providers face a HUGE challenge, yknow? IT services in sydney . It aint just about setting up the cameras and wires. Its about making sure the system can grow! Think scalability solutions. And that, my friends, is where things get interesting.


So, whatre we talking about here? Well, imagine a small setup, maybe a couple of cameras watching a parking lot. Easy peasy! But what happens when suddenly, you need to monitor the entire city? Thats when you need scalability solutions!

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(Like, yesterday!) You cant just keep adding servers willy-nilly, right? We need a smart approach.


One thing you dont wanna do is ignore the future. Cloud-based solutions are, like, totally a thing!

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They offer flexibility and the ability to scale resources up or down as needed. No more being stuck with hardware you dont need or, worse, not having enough!


Another path is focusing on distributed architectures. Instead of one big, centralized server, you spread the workload across multiple smaller ones. This doesnt just improve performance, it also enhances resilience. If one server goes down, the whole system doesnt grind to a halt! Whew!


And lets not forget about bandwidth. More cameras equals more data, and that needs to go somewhere. Optimizing the network for efficient data transfer is, uh, kinda important. Things like compression techniques and edge computing (processing data closer to the source) can really lighten the load.


It isnt a simple problem, but with the right strategy and a little bit of ingenuity, Vision Network Infrastructure Providers can build systems that can handle whatever the future throws at them. And thats something to be excited about!

Security Measures in Vision Network Deployment


Security Measures in Vision Network Deployment


Okay, so picture this: youre setting up a fancy vision network, right? (Lots of cameras, maybe some AI stuff happening behind the scenes). But hold on a sec! You cant just slap it all together and hope for the best, can you? Nah, security measures are kinda vital. I mean, who wants unauthorized eyes peeking into their operations, you know?


Firstly, think about access control. Not everyone needs to see everything! You've got to limit who can view, modify, or even access the network itself. Strong passwords (and maybe some multi-factor authentication, cause passwords aint foolproof!), and role-based access controls are a must. Like, the janitor doesnt need root access, yeah?


Then theres data encryption. Cause if someone does manage to intercept the data, it shouldnt be readable, right? Encrypting the video streams, both in transit and at rest, is essential. Were talking serious protection against eavesdropping!


Network segmentation is another smart move. If one camera gets compromised, you dont want the whole system going down, do you? By dividing the network into segments, you can contain any potential breaches. Its like creating firewalls within your system, which is pretty darn clever.


And obviously, regular security audits are a necessity.

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You gotta check for vulnerabilities, patch any holes, and generally make sure everything is working as it should. No system is truly impenetrable, but you can sure make it a lot harder to crack!


The physical security of the cameras and network hardware shouldnt be ignored either. I mean, if someone can just walk up and unplug a camera or access the network switch, all your fancy digital security is useless, isnt it?!


Basically, securing a vision network aint a one-time thing. Its an ongoing process; a continual effort to stay ahead of the bad guys. Its not always simple, but oh boy, its totally worth the effort!

Cost-Efficient Strategies for Vision Network Providers


Cost-efficient strategies for vision network infrastructure providers are crucial in todays competitive market! These providers are always looking for ways to optimize their resources without compromising on the quality of service. One such strategy is to invest in efficient network design, which minimizes the need for expensive hardware upgrades in the future. By planning ahead, they can avoid costly overhauls and ensure their network remains robust and scalable.


Another approach is to leverage cloud services for data processing and storage. This not only reduces the upfront capital expenditure but also allows providers to scale their operations based on demand. Plus, cloud providers often offer competitive pricing and regular updates that keep the technology state-of-the-art.


However, its important to note that not all expenses can be cut. For instance, neglecting maintenance and upgrades can lead to significant downtime and customer dissatisfaction. Therefore, finding the right balance between cost-cutting and maintaining operational excellence is key.


Moreover, embracing open innovation can also be beneficial. By collaborating with other businesses and researchers, vision network providers can tap into new technologies and solutions that might not be available through traditional channels. This can lead to cost savings in the long run by avoiding reinventing the wheel.


Lastly, its crucial to consider the environmental impact of their operations. Investing in energy-efficient equipment and adopting green practices can save on utility costs and contribute to a sustainable future. Oh, and lets not forget about the importance of customer feedback!

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Regularly listening to what customers have to say can provide valuable insights that can lead to more effective strategies and improved services.


In conclusion, while its tempting to cut corners and save money wherever possible, vision network infrastructure providers need to approach cost-efficiency with a strategic mindset. This means making informed decisions that align with their long-term goals, prioritize sustainability, and keep the customer at the forefront of all initiatives.

Future Trends and Innovations in Vision Networking


Okay, so, like, future trends and innovations for vision network infrastructure providers? Thats a mouthful! But, basically, were talking about how folks who lay the groundwork for all this video stuff are gonna adapt, right?


Well, first off, you cant ignore the cloud (duh!). Everythings moving there, and vision networking is no exception. Think about it: instead of having all these servers and hardware on-site, providers are gonna need to offer cloud-based solutions for storage, processing, and distribution. It isnt just about saving money; its about scalability and flexibility, too!


And then theres AI.

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Oh boy, AI! Were talking intelligent video analytics, automated network management, and customized experiences. Imagine a network that automatically adjusts bandwidth based on whats being watched or whos watching. Pretty cool, huh? Providers gotta learn to leverage AI to optimize performance and deliver better service.


Lets not forget about 5G (and beyond!). Faster speeds and lower latency are a game-changer, particularly for applications like remote surgery or autonomous vehicles. Vision network infrastructure providers need to be ready to support these bandwidth-hungry applications and, like, make sure everything runs smoothly.


Another thing: sustainability. People are, yknow, actually caring about the environment now! So, providers gotta focus on energy-efficient solutions and green technologies. Its not just good for the planet; its good for business!


Finally, security. Oh, the headaches! With more and more data flowing through these networks, security becomes even more critical. Providers need to invest in robust cybersecurity measures to protect against breaches and ensure data privacy. Cant have any of that!


So, yeah, thats the gist of it. Cloud, AI, 5G, sustainability, and security. Its a lot to juggle, but hey, thats the future!

Citations and other links

The background of the Web originated in the efforts of researchers and engineers to build and adjoin computer networks. The Web Protocol Suite, the set of policies made use of to communicate between networks and devices on the web, developed from r & d in the USA and engaged international partnership, especially with scientists in the UK and France. Computer science was an emerging technique in the late 1950s that began to take into consideration time-sharing between computer individuals, and later on, the opportunity of accomplishing this over vast area networks. J. C. R. Licklider developed the concept of a global network at the Information Processing Techniques Workplace (IPTO) of the United States Division of Protection (DoD) Advanced Research Study Projects Firm (ARPA). Independently, Paul Baran at the RAND Corporation proposed a dispersed network based on data in message obstructs in the very early 1960s, and Donald Davies visualized packet changing in 1965 at the National Physical Lab (NPL), recommending a national commercial information network in the United Kingdom. ARPA awarded agreements in 1969 for the growth of the ARPANET job, guided by Robert Taylor and managed by Lawrence Roberts. ARPANET embraced the packet switching innovation recommended by Davies and Baran. The network of User interface Message Processors (Rascals) was developed by a team at Bolt, Beranek, and Newman, with the design and specification led by Bob Kahn. The host-to-host protocol was defined by a team of college students at UCLA, led by Steve Crocker, together with Jon Postel and others. The ARPANET expanded quickly throughout the United States with connections to the United Kingdom and Norway. Several early packet-switched networks emerged in the 1970s which investigated and offered information networking. Louis Pouzin and Hubert Zimmermann pioneered a simplified end-to-end strategy to internetworking at the IRIA. Peter Kirstein placed internetworking right into practice at College College London in 1973. Bob Metcalfe established the theory behind Ethernet and the PARC Universal Package. ARPA campaigns and the International Network Working Group established and improved ideas for internetworking, in which numerous separate networks might be signed up with into a network of networks. Vint Cerf, currently at Stanford University, and Bob Kahn, currently at DARPA, released their research on internetworking in 1974. Through the Net Experiment Note series and later RFCs this evolved into the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Method (IP), two procedures of the Internet method suite. The design included ideas originated in the French CYCLADES job routed by Louis Pouzin. The growth of package changing networks was underpinned by mathematical operate in the 1970s by Leonard Kleinrock at UCLA. In the late 1970s, national and worldwide public information networks emerged based on the X. 25 procedure, made by Rémi Després and others. In the United States, the National Science Structure (NSF) funded nationwide supercomputing centers at a number of universities in the United States, and supplied interconnectivity in 1986 with the NSFNET task, therefore creating network accessibility to these supercomputer websites for research and academic organizations in the USA.International connections to NSFNET, the introduction of style such as the Domain System, and the adoption of TCP/IP on existing networks in the USA and worldwide marked the beginnings of the Net. Commercial Access provider (ISPs) arised in 1989 in the United States and Australia. Restricted private connections to parts of the Internet by formally commercial entities arised in numerous American cities by late 1989 and 1990. The optical backbone of the NSFNET was deactivated in 1995, removing the last limitations on using the Web to lug commercial traffic, as website traffic transitioned to optical networks taken care of by Sprint, MCI and AT&T in the USA. Research study at CERN in Switzerland by the British computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee in 1989–-- 90 resulted in the World Wide Web, linking hypertext documents right into an info system, easily accessible from any kind of node on the network. The significant expansion of the capacity of the Web, allowed by the advent of wave division multiplexing (WDM) and the rollout of fiber optic cables in the mid-1990s, had a revolutionary effect on society, commerce, and innovation. This enabled the rise of near-instant interaction by electronic mail, instant messaging, voice over Internet Method (VoIP) phone call, video clip chat, and the Net with its conversation forums, blogs, social networking services, and on-line purchasing websites. Boosting amounts of data are sent at greater and greater rates over fiber-optic networks running at 1 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s, and 800 Gbit/s by 2019. The Internet's requisition of the worldwide interaction landscape was fast in historical terms: it just interacted 1% of the information streaming through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 1993, 51% by 2000, and more than 97% of the telecommunicated info by 2007. The Net remains to grow, driven by ever before better quantities of on the internet info, business, amusement, and social networking solutions. Nonetheless, the future of the worldwide network may be formed by regional differences.

.

European Strategic Programme on Research in Information Technology (ESPRIT) was a series of integrated programmes of information technology research and development projects and industrial technology transfer measures. It was a European Union initiative managed by the Directorate General for Industry (DG III) of the European Commission.

Programmes

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Five ESPRIT programmes (ESPRIT 0 to ESPRIT 4) ran consecutively from 1983 to 1998. ESPRIT 4 was succeeded by the Information Society Technologies (IST) programme in 1999.

Projects

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Some of the projects and products supported by ESPRIT were:

  • BBC Domesday Project, a partnership between Acorn Computers Ltd, Philips, Logica and the BBC with some funding from the European Commission's ESPRIT programme, to mark the 900th anniversary of the original Domesday Book, an 11th-century census of England. It is frequently cited as an example of digital obsolescence on account of the physical medium used for data storage.
  • CGAL, the Computational Geometry Algorithms Library (CGAL) is a software library that aims to provide easy access to efficient and reliable algorithms in computational geometry. While primarily written in C++, Python bindings are also available. The original funding for the project came from the ESPRIT project.
  • Eurocoop & Eurocode: ESPRIT III projects to develop systems for supporting distributed collaborative working.
  • Open Document Architecture, a free and open international standard document file format maintained by the ITU-T to replace all proprietary document file formats. In 1985 ESPRIT financed a pilot implementation of the ODA concept, involving, among others, Bull corporation, Olivetti, ICL and Siemens AG.
  • Paradise: A sub-project of the ESPRIT I project, COSINE[1] which established a pan-European computer-based network infrastructure that enabled research workers to communicate with each other using OSI. Paradise implemented a distributed X.500 directory across the academic community.
  • Password: Part of the ESPRIT III VALUE project,[2] developed secure applications based on the X.509 standard for use in the academic community.
  • ProCoS I Project (1989–1991), ProCoS II Project (1992–1995), and ProCoS-WG Working Group (1994–1997) on Provably Correct Systems, under ESPRIT II.[3]
  • REDO Project (1989–1992) on software maintenance, under ESPRIT II.[4]
  • RAISE, Rigorous Approach to Industrial Software Engineering, was developed as part of the European ESPRIT II LaCoS project in the 1990s, led by Dines Bjørner.
  • REMORA methodology is an event-driven approach for designing information systems, developed by Colette Rolland. This methodology integrates behavioral and temporal aspects with concepts for modelling the structural aspects of an information system. In the ESPRIT I project TODOS, which has led to the development of an integrated environment for the design of office information systems (OISs),
  • SAMPA: The Speech Assessment Methods Phonetic Alphabet (SAMPA) is a computer-readable phonetic script originally developed in the late 1980s.
  • SCOPES: The Systematic Concurrent design of Products, Equipments and Control Systems project was a 3-year project launched in July, 1992, with the aim of specifying integrated computer-aided (CAD) tools for design and control of flexible assembly lines.
  • SIP (Advanced Algorithms and Architectures for Speech and Image Processing), a partnership between Thomson-CSF, AEG, CSELT and ENSPS (ESPRIT P26), to develop the algorithmic and architectural techniques required for recognizing and understanding spoken or visual signals and to demonstrate these techniques in suitable applications.[5]
  • StatLog: "ESPRIT project 5170. Comparative testing and evaluation of statistical and logical learning algorithms on large-scale applications to classification, prediction and control"[6]
  • SUNDIAL (Speech UNderstanding DIALgue)[7] started in September 1988 with Logica Ltd. as prime contractor, together with Erlangen University, CSELT, Daimler-Benz, Capgemini, Politecnico di Torino. Followed the Esprit P.26 to implement and evaluate dialogue systems to be used in telephone industry.[8] The final results were 4 prototypes in 4 languages, involving speech and understanding technologies, and some criteria for evaluation were also reported.[9]
  • ISO 14649 (1999 onward): A standard for STEP-NC for CNC control developed by ESPRIT and Intelligent Manufacturing System.[10]
  • Transputers: "ESPRIT Project P1085" to develop a high performance multi-processor computer and a package of software applications to demonstrate its performance.[11]
  • Web for Schools, an ESPRIT IV project that introduced the World Wide Web in secondary schools in Europe. Teachers created more than 70 international collaborative educational projects that resulted in an exponential growth of teacher communities and educational activities using the World Wide Web
  • AGENT: A project led by IGN-France aiming at developing an operational automated map generalisation software based on multi-agent system paradigm.

References

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  1. ^ "COSINE". Cordis. Retrieved 24 December 2012.
  2. ^ "EC Value Programme".
  3. ^ Hinchey, M. G.; Bowen, J. P.; Olderog, E.-R., eds. (2017). Provably Correct Systems. NASA Monographs in Systems and Software Engineering. Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48628-4. ISBN 978-3-319-48627-7. S2CID 7091220.
  4. ^ van Zuylen, H. J., ed. (1993). The Redo Compendium: Reverse Engineering for Software Maintenance. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-93607-3.
  5. ^ Pirani, Giancarlo, ed. (1990). Advanced algorithms and architectures for speech understanding. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 9783540534020.
  6. ^ "Machine Learning, Neural and Statistical Classification", Editors: D. Michie, D.J. Spiegelhalter, C.C. Taylor February 17, 1994 page 4, footnote 2, retrieved 12/12/2015 "The above book (originally published in 1994 by Ellis Horwood) is now out of print. The copyright now resides with the editors who have decided to make the material freely available on the web." http://www1.maths.leeds.ac.uk/~charles/statlog/
  7. ^ "SUNDIAL Project".
  8. ^ Peckham, Jeremy. "Speech Understanding and Dialogue over the telephone: an overview of the ESPRIT SUNDIAL project." HLT. 1991.
  9. ^ Alberto Ciaramella (1993): Prototype performance evaluation report. Sundial workpackage 8000 Final Report., CSELT TECHNICAL REPORTS 22 (1994): 241–241.
  10. ^ Hardwick, Martin; Zhao, Fiona; Proctor, Fred; Venkatesh, Sid; Odendahl, David; Xu, Xun (2011-01-01). "A Roadmap for STEP-NC Enabled Interoperable Manufacturing" (PDF). ASME 2011 International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference, Volume 2. ASMEDC. pp. 23–32. doi:10.1115/msec2011-50029. ISBN 978-0-7918-4431-1.
  11. ^ Harp, J. G. (1988). "Esprit project P1085 - reconfigurable transputer project". Proceedings of the third conference on Hypercube concurrent computers and applications Architecture, software, computer systems, and general issues. Vol. 1. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press. pp. 122–127. doi:10.1145/62297.62313. ISBN 0-89791-278-0.
[edit]

 

Internet protocol suite
Application layer
Transport layer
Internet layer
Link layer
 
Internet history timeline

Early research and development:

Merging the networks and creating the Internet:

Commercialization, privatization, broader access leads to the modern Internet:

Examples of Internet services:

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the network layer communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet.

IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses in the packet headers. For this purpose, IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered. It also defines addressing methods that are used to label the datagram with source and destination information. IP was the connectionless datagram service in the original Transmission Control Program introduced by Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn in 1974, which was complemented by a connection-oriented service that became the basis for the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). The Internet protocol suite is therefore often referred to as TCP/IP.

The first major version of IP, Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), is the dominant protocol of the Internet. Its successor is Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), which has been in increasing deployment on the public Internet since around 2006.[1]

Function

[edit]
Encapsulation of application data carried by UDP to a link protocol frame

The Internet Protocol is responsible for addressing host interfaces, encapsulating data into datagrams (including fragmentation and reassembly) and routing datagrams from a source host interface to a destination host interface across one or more IP networks.[2] For these purposes, the Internet Protocol defines the format of packets and provides an addressing system.

Each datagram has two components: a header and a payload. The IP header includes a source IP address, a destination IP address, and other metadata needed to route and deliver the datagram. The payload is the data that is transported. This method of nesting the data payload in a packet with a header is called encapsulation.

IP addressing entails the assignment of IP addresses and associated parameters to host interfaces. The address space is divided into subnets, involving the designation of network prefixes. IP routing is performed by all hosts, as well as routers, whose main function is to transport packets across network boundaries. Routers communicate with one another via specially designed routing protocols, either interior gateway protocols or exterior gateway protocols, as needed for the topology of the network.[3]

Addressing methods

[edit]
Routing schemes
Unicast

Broadcast

Multicast

Anycast

There are four principal addressing methods in the Internet Protocol:

  • Unicast delivers a message to a single specific node using a one-to-one association between a sender and destination: each destination address uniquely identifies a single receiver endpoint.
  • Broadcast delivers a message to all nodes in the network using a one-to-all association; a single datagram (or packet) from one sender is routed to all of the possibly multiple endpoints associated with the broadcast address. The network automatically replicates datagrams as needed to reach all the recipients within the scope of the broadcast, which is generally an entire network subnet.
  • Multicast delivers a message to a group of nodes that have expressed interest in receiving the message using a one-to-many-of-many or many-to-many-of-many association; datagrams are routed simultaneously in a single transmission to many recipients. Multicast differs from broadcast in that the destination address designates a subset, not necessarily all, of the accessible nodes.
  • Anycast delivers a message to any one out of a group of nodes, typically the one nearest to the source using a one-to-one-of-many[4] association where datagrams are routed to any single member of a group of potential receivers that are all identified by the same destination address. The routing algorithm selects the single receiver from the group based on which is the nearest according to some distance or cost measure.

Version history

[edit]
A timeline for the development of the transmission control Protocol TCP and Internet Protocol IP
First Internet demonstration, linking the ARPANET, PRNET, and SATNET on November 22, 1977

In May 1974, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) published a paper entitled "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication".[5] The paper's authors, Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn, described an internetworking protocol for sharing resources using packet switching among network nodes. A central control component of this model was the Transmission Control Program that incorporated both connection-oriented links and datagram services between hosts. The monolithic Transmission Control Program was later divided into a modular architecture consisting of the Transmission Control Protocol and User Datagram Protocol at the transport layer and the Internet Protocol at the internet layer. The model became known as the Department of Defense (DoD) Internet Model and Internet protocol suite, and informally as TCP/IP.

The following Internet Experiment Note (IEN) documents describe the evolution of the Internet Protocol into the modern version of IPv4:[6]

  • IEN 2 Comments on Internet Protocol and TCP (August 1977) describes the need to separate the TCP and Internet Protocol functionalities (which were previously combined). It proposes the first version of the IP header, using 0 for the version field.
  • IEN 26 A Proposed New Internet Header Format (February 1978) describes a version of the IP header that uses a 1-bit version field.
  • IEN 28 Draft Internetwork Protocol Description Version 2 (February 1978) describes IPv2.
  • IEN 41 Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4 (June 1978) describes the first protocol to be called IPv4. The IP header is different from the modern IPv4 header.
  • IEN 44 Latest Header Formats (June 1978) describes another version of IPv4, also with a header different from the modern IPv4 header.
  • IEN 54 Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4 (September 1978) is the first description of IPv4 using the header that would become standardized in 1980 as RFC 760.
  • IEN 80
  • IEN 111
  • IEN 123
  • IEN 128/RFC 760 (1980)

IP versions 1 to 3 were experimental versions, designed between 1973 and 1978.[7] Versions 2 and 3 supported variable-length addresses ranging between 1 and 16 octets (between 8 and 128 bits).[8] An early draft of version 4 supported variable-length addresses of up to 256 octets (up to 2048 bits)[9] but this was later abandoned in favor of a fixed-size 32-bit address in the final version of IPv4. This remains the dominant internetworking protocol in use in the Internet Layer; the number 4 identifies the protocol version, carried in every IP datagram. IPv4 is defined in

RFC 791 (1981).

Version number 5 was used by the Internet Stream Protocol, an experimental streaming protocol that was not adopted.[7]

The successor to IPv4 is IPv6. IPv6 was a result of several years of experimentation and dialog during which various protocol models were proposed, such as TP/IX (

RFC 1475), PIP (

RFC 1621) and TUBA (TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses,

RFC 1347). Its most prominent difference from version 4 is the size of the addresses. While IPv4 uses 32 bits for addressing, yielding c. 4.3 billion (4.3×109) addresses, IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses providing c. 3.4×1038 addresses. Although adoption of IPv6 has been slow, as of January 2023, most countries in the world show significant adoption of IPv6,[10] with over 41% of Google's traffic being carried over IPv6 connections.[11]

The assignment of the new protocol as IPv6 was uncertain until due diligence assured that IPv6 had not been used previously.[12] Other Internet Layer protocols have been assigned version numbers,[13] such as 7 (IP/TX), 8 and 9 (historic). Notably, on April 1, 1994, the IETF published an April Fools' Day RfC about IPv9.[14] IPv9 was also used in an alternate proposed address space expansion called TUBA.[15] A 2004 Chinese proposal for an IPv9 protocol appears to be unrelated to all of these, and is not endorsed by the IETF.

IP version numbers

[edit]

As the version number is carried in a 4-bit field, only numbers 0–15 can be assigned.

IP version Description Year Status
0 Internet Protocol, pre-v4 N/A Reserved[16]
1 Experimental version 1973 Obsolete
2 Experimental version 1977 Obsolete
3 Experimental version 1978 Obsolete
4 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)[17] 1981 Active
5 Internet Stream Protocol (ST) 1979 Obsolete; superseded by ST-II or ST2
Internet Stream Protocol (ST-II or ST2)[18] 1987 Obsolete; superseded by ST2+
Internet Stream Protocol (ST2+) 1995 Obsolete
6 Simple Internet Protocol (SIP) N/A Obsolete; merged into IPv6 in 1995[16]
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)[19] 1995 Active
7 TP/IX The Next Internet (IPv7)[20] 1993 Obsolete[21]
8 P Internet Protocol (PIP)[22] 1994 Obsolete; merged into SIP in 1993
9 TCP and UDP over Bigger Addresses (TUBA) 1992 Obsolete[23]
IPv9 1994 April Fools' Day joke[24]
Chinese IPv9 2004 Abandoned
10–14 N/A N/A Unassigned
15 Version field sentinel value N/A Reserved

Reliability

[edit]

The design of the Internet protocol suite adheres to the end-to-end principle, a concept adapted from the CYCLADES project. Under the end-to-end principle, the network infrastructure is considered inherently unreliable at any single network element or transmission medium and is dynamic in terms of the availability of links and nodes. No central monitoring or performance measurement facility exists that tracks or maintains the state of the network. For the benefit of reducing network complexity, the intelligence in the network is located in the end nodes.

As a consequence of this design, the Internet Protocol only provides best-effort delivery and its service is characterized as unreliable. In network architectural parlance, it is a connectionless protocol, in contrast to connection-oriented communication. Various fault conditions may occur, such as data corruption, packet loss and duplication. Because routing is dynamic, meaning every packet is treated independently, and because the network maintains no state based on the path of prior packets, different packets may be routed to the same destination via different paths, resulting in out-of-order delivery to the receiver.

All fault conditions in the network must be detected and compensated by the participating end nodes. The upper layer protocols of the Internet protocol suite are responsible for resolving reliability issues. For example, a host may buffer network data to ensure correct ordering before the data is delivered to an application.

IPv4 provides safeguards to ensure that the header of an IP packet is error-free. A routing node discards packets that fail a header checksum test. Although the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) provides notification of errors, a routing node is not required to notify either end node of errors. IPv6, by contrast, operates without header checksums, since current link layer technology is assumed to provide sufficient error detection.[25][26]

[edit]

The dynamic nature of the Internet and the diversity of its components provide no guarantee that any particular path is actually capable of, or suitable for, performing the data transmission requested. One of the technical constraints is the size of data packets possible on a given link. Facilities exist to examine the maximum transmission unit (MTU) size of the local link and Path MTU Discovery can be used for the entire intended path to the destination.[27]

The IPv4 internetworking layer automatically fragments a datagram into smaller units for transmission when the link MTU is exceeded. IP provides re-ordering of fragments received out of order.[28] An IPv6 network does not perform fragmentation in network elements, but requires end hosts and higher-layer protocols to avoid exceeding the path MTU.[29]

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) is an example of a protocol that adjusts its segment size to be smaller than the MTU. The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) and ICMP disregard MTU size, thereby forcing IP to fragment oversized datagrams.[30]

Security

[edit]

During the design phase of the ARPANET and the early Internet, the security aspects and needs of a public, international network were not adequately anticipated. Consequently, many Internet protocols exhibited vulnerabilities highlighted by network attacks and later security assessments. In 2008, a thorough security assessment and proposed mitigation of problems was published.[31] The IETF has been pursuing further studies.[32]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ The Economics of Transition to Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) (Report). OECD Digital Economy Papers. OECD. 2014-11-06. doi:10.1787/5jxt46d07bhc-en. Archived from the original on 2021-03-07. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  2. ^ Charles M. Kozierok, The TCP/IP Guide, archived from the original on 2019-06-20, retrieved 2017-07-22
  3. ^ "IP Technologies and Migration — EITC". www.eitc.org. Archived from the original on 2021-01-05. Retrieved 2020-12-04.
  4. ^ GoÅ›cieÅ„, Róża; Walkowiak, Krzysztof; Klinkowski, MirosÅ‚aw (2015-03-14). "Tabu search algorithm for routing, modulation and spectrum allocation in elastic optical network with anycast and unicast traffic". Computer Networks. 79: 148–165. doi:10.1016/j.comnet.2014.12.004. ISSN 1389-1286.
  5. ^ Cerf, V.; Kahn, R. (1974). "A Protocol for Packet Network Intercommunication" (PDF). IEEE Transactions on Communications. 22 (5): 637–648. doi:10.1109/TCOM.1974.1092259. ISSN 1558-0857. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-06. Retrieved 2020-04-06. The authors wish to thank a number of colleagues for helpful comments during early discussions of international network protocols, especially R. Metcalfe, R. Scantlebury, D. Walden, and H. Zimmerman; D. Davies and L. Pouzin who constructively commented on the fragmentation and accounting issues; and S. Crocker who commented on the creation and destruction of associations.
  6. ^ "Internet Experiment Note Index". www.rfc-editor.org. Retrieved 2024-01-21.
  7. ^ a b Stephen Coty (2011-02-11). "Where is IPv1, 2, 3, and 5?". Archived from the original on 2020-08-02. Retrieved 2020-03-25.
  8. ^ Postel, Jonathan B. (February 1978). "Draft Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 2" (PDF). RFC Editor. IEN 28. Retrieved 6 October 2022. Archived 16 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Postel, Jonathan B. (June 1978). "Internetwork Protocol Specification Version 4" (PDF). RFC Editor. IEN 41. Retrieved 11 February 2024. Archived 16 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  10. ^ Strowes, Stephen (4 Jun 2021). "IPv6 Adoption in 2021". RIPE Labs. Archived from the original on 2021-09-20. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  11. ^ "IPv6". Google. Archived from the original on 2020-07-14. Retrieved 2023-05-19.
  12. ^ Mulligan, Geoff. "It was almost IPv7". O'Reilly. Archived from the original on 5 July 2015. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  13. ^ "IP Version Numbers". Internet Assigned Numbers Authority. Archived from the original on 2019-01-18. Retrieved 2019-07-25.
  14. ^ RFC 1606: A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9. April 1, 1994.
  15. ^ Ross Callon (June 1992). TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses (TUBA), A Simple Proposal for Internet Addressing and Routing. doi:10.17487/RFC1347. RFC 1347.
  16. ^ a b Jeff Doyle; Jennifer Carroll (2006). Routing TCP/IP. Vol. 1 (2 ed.). Cisco Press. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-58705-202-6.
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference rfc791 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ L. Delgrossi; L. Berger, eds. (August 1995). Internet Stream Protocol Version 2 (ST2) Protocol Specification - Version ST2+. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1819. RFC 1819. Historic. Obsoletes RFC 1190 and IEN 119.
  19. ^ Cite error: The named reference rfc8200 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ R. Ullmann (June 1993). TP/IX: The Next Internet. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1475. RFC 1475. Historic. Obsoleted by RFC 6814.
  21. ^ C. Pignataro; F. Gont (November 2012). Formally Deprecating Some IPv4 Options. Internet Engineering Task Force. doi:10.17487/RFC6814. ISSN 2070-1721. RFC 6814. Proposed Standard. Obsoletes RFC 1385, 1393, 1475 and 1770.
  22. ^ P. Francis (May 1994). Pip Near-term Architecture. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1621. RFC 1621. Historical.
  23. ^ Ross Callon (June 1992). TCP and UDP with Bigger Addresses (TUBA), A Simple Proposal for Internet Addressing and Routing. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1347. RFC 1347. Historic.
  24. ^ J. Onions (1 April 1994). A Historical Perspective On The Usage Of IP Version 9. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1606. RFC 1606. Informational. This is an April Fools' Day Request for Comments.
  25. ^ RFC 1726 section 6.2
  26. ^ RFC 2460
  27. ^ Rishabh, Anand (2012). Wireless Communication. S. Chand Publishing. ISBN 978-81-219-4055-9. Archived from the original on 2024-06-12. Retrieved 2020-12-11.
  28. ^ Siyan, Karanjit. Inside TCP/IP, New Riders Publishing, 1997. ISBN 1-56205-714-6
  29. ^ Bill Cerveny (2011-07-25). "IPv6 Fragmentation". Arbor Networks. Archived from the original on 2016-09-16. Retrieved 2016-09-10.
  30. ^ Parker, Don (2 November 2010). "Basic Journey of a Packet". Symantec. Symantec. Archived from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
  31. ^ Fernando Gont (July 2008), Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol (PDF), CPNI, archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-02-11
  32. ^ F. Gont (July 2011). Security Assessment of the Internet Protocol version 4. doi:10.17487/RFC6274. RFC 6274.
[edit]
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